🇷🇺 Lesson 4: Greetings & Essential Phrases

🎯 What You'll Learn

Now that you can read Cyrillic, it's time to start speaking! This lesson covers greetings, introductions, polite expressions, and essential survival phrases. You'll also learn the critical distinction between ты (informal "you") and вы (formal "you").

Estimated Time: 45–60 minutes

👋 Basic Greetings

RussianTransliterationEnglishUsage
ЗдравствуйтеZdrastvuytyeHello (formal)Strangers, elders, professional settings
ЗдравствуйZdrastvuyHello (informal)One person you know well
Привет!Privyet!Hi!Friends, casual
Доброе утроDobroye utraGood morningBefore noon
Добрый деньDobriy dyen'Good afternoonDaytime, most versatile
Добрый вечерDobriy vyecherGood eveningEvening hours
Спокойной ночиSpakoynay nochiGood nightBefore bed
До свиданияDa svidaniyaGoodbye (formal)Standard farewell
Пока!Paka!Bye!Casual farewell

⚠️ Pronunciation Note: Здравствуйте

This word looks terrifying but Russians actually drop the first В: it's pronounced "ZDRA-stvuy-tye", not "zdrav-stvuy-tye." The word comes from "здоровье" (zdorov'ye = health) — you're literally wishing someone good health!

🤝 The Ты/Вы Distinction

⚠️ Critical: Ты vs Вы

Ты (ty) = informal "you" — for friends, family, children, people your age in casual settings

Вы (vy) = formal "you" — for strangers, elders, bosses, official situations, showing respect

Using ты with someone you should address as Вы is considered rude. When in doubt, always use Вы! The other person may say "Давайте на ты" (Let's use ты) to signal informality.

💡 Cultural Insight: The switch from Вы to ты is a meaningful social moment in Russian culture. In workplaces, people who have worked together for years may still use Вы. The transition to ты often comes with a toast or an explicit suggestion, and it signals a deepening of the relationship. Switching back to Вы after using ты would be a serious social signal of displeasure.

🤝 Introductions

RussianTransliterationEnglish
Меня зовут...Minya zavut...My name is... (lit: "they call me...")
Как вас зовут?Kak vas zavut?What is your name? (formal)
Как тебя зовут?Kak tibya zavut?What is your name? (informal)
Очень приятноOchin' priyatnaNice to meet you
Я из АмерикиYa iz AmyerikiI'm from America
Я студент / студенткаYa student / studentkaI'm a student (m/f)
А вы?A vy?And you? (formal)

✅ Grammar Note: No "To Be" in Present Tense!

Russian drops "is/am/are" in the present tense. Where English says "I am a student," Russian just says:

Я студент. (Ya student.) — I [am] a student.

Это книга. (Eta kniga.) — This [is] a book.

Он врач. (On vrach.) — He [is] a doctor.

This makes simple sentences beautifully short!

🙏 Polite Expressions

RussianTransliterationEnglishNotes
СпасибоSpasibaThank youUniversal thanks
Большое спасибоBal'shoye spasibaThank you very muchLiterally "big thanks"
ПожалуйстаPazhalustaPlease / You're welcomeDoes double duty!
ИзвинитеIzvinityeExcuse me / Sorry (formal)Getting attention or apologizing
ИзвиниIzviniSorry (informal)To friends
ПроститеPrastityeForgive me (formal)Deeper apology
НичегоNichivoIt's nothing / No problemResponse to apology
Не за чтоNye za shtaDon't mention itResponse to thanks

❓ Essential Question Words

RussianTransliterationEnglishExample
Что?Shto?What?Что это? (Shto eta? — What is this?)
Кто?Kto?Who?Кто это? (Kto eta? — Who is this?)
Где?Gdye?Where?Где банк? (Gdye bank? — Where is the bank?)
Когда?Kagda?When?Когда? (Kagda? — When?)
Почему?Pachimu?Why?Почему нет? (Pachimu nyet? — Why not?)
Как?Kak?How?Как дела? (Kak dyela? — How are things?)
Сколько?Skol'ka?How much/many?Сколько стоит? (Skol'ka stoit? — How much?)

🆘 Survival Phrases

RussianTransliterationEnglish
Я не понимаюYa nye panimayuI don't understand
Повторите, пожалуйстаPavtaritye, pazhalustaPlease repeat that
Говорите медленнееGavaritye myedlyenneyeSpeak more slowly
Я учу русский языкYa uchu russkiy yazykI'm learning Russian
Вы говорите по-английски?Vy gavaritye pa-angliyski?Do you speak English?
Где туалет?Gdye tualet?Where is the restroom?
Помогите!Pamagitye!Help!
Да / НетDa / NyetYes / No
💡 Cultural Insight: Russians may seem reserved with strangers — don't expect big smiles from service staff. This isn't rudeness; Russians generally reserve smiling for genuine emotions. A common saying goes: "Смех без причины — признак дурачины" (Laughter without reason is a sign of foolishness). Once you become friends, however, Russian warmth and hospitality are legendary.

🗣️ Practice Dialogue

— Здравствуйте! Меня зовут Мария.

(Zdrastvuytye! Minya zavut Mariya.) — Hello! My name is Maria.

— Здравствуйте, Мария. Меня зовут Джон. Очень приятно.

(Zdrastvuytye, Mariya. Minya zavut Dzhon. Ochin' priyatna.) — Hello, Maria. My name is John. Nice to meet you.

— Мне тоже. Вы из Америки?

(Mnye tozhe. Vy iz Amyeriki?) — Me too. Are you from America?

— Да, я из Нью-Йорка. А вы?

(Da, ya iz N'yu-Yorka. A vy?) — Yes, I'm from New York. And you?

— Я из Москвы. Вы говорите по-русски очень хорошо!

(Ya iz Moskvy. Vy gavaritye pa-russki ochin' kharasho!) — I'm from Moscow. You speak Russian very well!

— Спасибо! Я учу русский язык.

(Spasiba! Ya uchu russkiy yazyk.) — Thank you! I'm learning Russian.

📝 Quiz: Test Your Knowledge

1. When should you use "Вы" instead of "ты"?

Only with close friends
With strangers, elders, and in formal situations
Only when speaking to groups

2. What does "Пожалуйста" mean?

Excuse me
Both "please" and "you're welcome"
Only "please"

3. How do you say "I don't understand" in Russian?

Я не знаю
Я не понимаю
Где туалет?

4. Why is the verb "to be" missing from "Я студент"?

Russian doesn't use "am/is/are" in present tense
It's a mistake
Only in introductions